Spring 2005

REL 611
The Idea of Scripture

Tuesdays 12:30-3:15 p.m. in HL 504

Instructor: JIM WATTS (Ph.D.)
Office: 505 HL; Phone: 443-5713
E-mail: jwwatts

Displaying Torah ScrollScripture window
Quran monument, UAEEgyptian Pappyrus of Ani

A distinguishing feature of Western religious traditions is their attitudes towards and uses of scripture, according to the traditions themselves as well as many academic interpreters. This seminar will explore the various forms and uses of scripture in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, starting with the idea of scripture in modern cultures and tracing it back through early modern, medieval and late antique cultures. The seminar will end by exploring the religious, literary, and political factors that affected the development and canonization of scripture in ancient Judaism and early Christianity, and shaped the idea of authoritative scripture in all three Western religious traditions.

Course Requirements:
Students are expected to discuss in class all the required readings (listed below after Assignment) and as much additional literature (listed as Background) necessary to understand the developments under discussion.  In addition, each student will (1) prepare and present a report on one additional book or set of essays (listed after Report), and (2) write a substantive and original research paper on a subject related to the course topic, presenting the class with a preliminary summary during the last class meetings. The finished research papers are due on or before May13th. The students work will be evaluated on the basis of class participation (20%), the oral and written book report (20%), the research presentation (10%) and the final research paper (50%). Late papers and reports will not be eligible for "A" grades.

Required Texts:
John Barton, Holy Writings, Sacred Text: Canon in Early Christianity (Westminster John Knox, 1997)
Brian Malley, How the Bible Works: An Anthropological Study of Evangelical Biblicism (AltaMira, 2004)
Moshe Halbertal, People of the Book: Canon, Meaning, and Authority (Harvard, 1997)
John F.A. Sawyer, Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts (Routledge, 1999)
    Most of the articles, except those preceded by an minus (-) in the list below, are available as a course reader at Marshall Square copy center, one copy of which has been placed in the Religion Department lounge. Most books are also available on reserve in Bird Library (marked by * in the bibliography). For further resources relevant to the topic of this course, consult the Supplementary readings, the other articles in the collections cited below and also the annotated bibliography in Canonization and Decanonization 435-506.

Topics and Readings (for full citations, see bibliography below):

Day Topic Texts:
Jan 18 Introductions
Jan 25 Scripture in the Modern World Assignment: Malley, How the Bible Works (all)
Hill, “Charles Augustus Briggs, Modernism and the Rise ...”
Feb 1 Modern Scholarship 1

Assignment: W.C. Smith, "The Study of Religion and the Study of the Bible"
J.Z. Smith, “Sacred Persistence”
J.Z. Smith, “Canons, Catalogues and Classics” 
Sheppard, “Canon”
Halbertal, People of the Book 1-10
Hettema, “The Canon: Authority and Fascination”
Background: -Neil, “Criticism and Theological Use,”CHB 3:238-293
Report: W.C. Smith, What Is Scripture?

Feb 8 Modern Scholarship 2

Assignment: Denny, “Recitation of the Quran” 
Gold, Making the Bible Modern 10-24
Graham, "Conclusion," Beyond the Written Word
Coward, "Scripture and the Future of Religions"
Wimbush, "Scriptures: Fathoming a Complex Social-Cultural Phenomenon"
Halbertal, People of the Book 129-34
- “Keriat Hatorah - Reading of the Law”
Report: Graham, Beyond the Written Word
Wimbush, The Bible and the American Myth

Feb 15

Modern Scholarship 3

Assignment: - “Orthodox Torah Students Win Israeli Draft Exemption”
Greenberg, “On the Political Use of the Bible in Modern Israel”
Marty, “America's Iconic Book”
Phy, “The Bible and American Popular Culture”
- Watts, "Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts"
Report: Legendre, “La totémisation de la société"

Feb 22 Reformation, Early Modernity,
and Postmodernity
Assignment: Greenspahn, "Biblical Scholars"
Halbertal, People of the Book 90-128, 137-144
Kugel, "The Bible in the University,"
Levenson, "Theological Consensus or Historicist Evasion?"
- Browse The Journal of Philosophy & Scripture
Pasulka, Introduction to Aesthetics of Nostalgia
Background: -
Bainton, "Bible in the Reformation," CHB 3:1-37
-Crehan, "Bible in the Roman Catholic Church," CHB 3:199-237
Report: Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative
Supplementary: Reventlow, The Authority of the Bible
Mar 1 Middle Ages Assignment: Goering, “Introduction to Medieval Christian Biblical Interpretation”
Walfish, “Introduction to Medieval Jewish Biblical Interpretation”
McAuliffe, “Introduction to Medieval Interpretation of the Qur’an”
Al-Azmeh, “The Muslim Canon"
Morey, Book and Verse 1-47
Sweetman, “Beryl Smalley, Thomas of Cantimpré...”
Pulcini, Exegesis as Polemical Discourse 13-56
Background: -Dijk, "Bible in Liturgical Use," CHB 2:220-251
-Articles under "Vernacular Scriptures," CHB 2:338-491
Supplementary: Wheeler, Applying the Canon in Islam
Mar 8 Late Antiquity: Christianity

Assignment: Luke 1-2; 2 Timothy 3:14-17
Barton, Holy Writings, Sacred Text (all)
Childs, “The Problem of the Christian Bible”
Miller, "Words with an Alien Voice"
D.M. Smith, "When did the Gospels become Scripture?"
Van der Horst, "Sortes: Sacred Books ..."
Background: *Spatharakis, “Early Christian Illustrated Gospel” 
*Dael, “Biblical Cycles on Church Walls”
-Lamb, "...Bible in the Liturgy," CHB 1:563-586
Supplementary: Campenhausen, Formation 

Mar 15 Spring Break No Class
Mar 22 Late Antiquity: Judaism Assignment: Mishnah Berakhot 1:1-4; 4:1-7
Halbertal, People of the Book 45-89
Alexander, "Homer, the Prophet..."
- 2 Maccabees 7
Rutgers, "Importance of Scripture" 287-303
Zevit, “The Second-Third Century Canonization"
Background: -Vermes, "Bible and Midrash," CHB 1:199-231
Supplementary: Neusner & Green, Writing with Scripture
Mar 29 Hellenism and
Second Temple Judaism
Assignment: Halbertal, People of the Book 11-44
Sawyer, Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts (all)
Miller, "In Praise of Nonsense"
Oxtoby, "`Telling in Their Own Tongue'"
Letter of Aristeas
Background: -Roberts, "Books in the Greaco-Roman," CHB 1:48-66
Due: Paper topics and texts
Apr 5 The Origins of Scripture 1 Assignment: Kooij, "The Canonization of Ancient Books"
Lang, "The 'Writings': A Hellenistic Literary Canon"
Ulrich, "The Bible in the Making"
Lust, "Quotation formulae and Canon in Qumran"
W.C. Smith, "Scripture as Form and Concept"
Supplementary: Davies, Scribes and Schools
Apr 12 Ancient Near Eastern Textual Traditions Assignment: Foster, tr., "Pious Scholar"
Rothberg-Halton, "Canonicity in Cuneiform Texts"?
Lieberman, "Canonical and Official Cuneiform Texts"
- Exodus 24, Deuteronomy 31; 2 Kings 22-23; Nehemiah 8
Watts, "Ritual Legitimacy and Scriptural Authority"
Background: -Wiseman, "Books in the Ancient Near East" CHB 1:30-48
Supplementary: Hallo, The Context of Scripture
Due: Paper thesis, bibliography and outline
Apr 19 The Origins of Scripture 2

Assignment: - Deuteronomy 4-6, 12
Borg, “Canon and Social Control”
Levinson, Deuteronomy vii-viii, 3-22, 144-157
Watts, Reading Law 131-161
Toorn, “The Iconic Book"
Background: Frei, "Persian Imperial Authorization"

Apr 26 Paper presentations

 

May 9 Research Papers Due  


Course Bibliography:

  • *The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and the Construction of Meaning (Macon: Mercer University Pres, 1999)
  • The Cambridge History of the Bible (CHB), 3 vols., eds P. R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans, S. L. Greenslade and G. W. H. Lampe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963, 1969, 1970) (available in Bird Library Reference section and in the stacks)
  • *Canonization and Decanonization, with An Annotated Bibliography by J. A. M. Snoek, eds. A. van der Kooij, K. van der Toorn (Leiden: Brill, 1998)
  • The Image and the Book: Iconic Cults, Aniconism and the Rise of Book Religion in Israel and the Ancient Near East, ed. K. van der Toorn (Louven: Peeters, 1997)
  • The Impact of Scripture on Early Christianity, ed. J. den Boeft & M. L. van Poll-van de Lisdonk (Leiden: Brill, 1999)
  • The Use of Sacred Books in the Ancient World, ed. L.V. Rutgers et al (Leuven: Peeters, 1998)
  • *With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, ed. J. D. McAuliffe, B. D. Walfish, and J. W. Goering (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
  • Akenson, Donald Harmon. Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds (Chicago, 1998).
  • *Al-Azmeh, A. “The Muslim Canon from Late Antiquity to the Era of Modernism” in Canonization and Decanonization 191-228.
  • *Alexander, Philip S. "`Homer the Prophet of All' and 'Moses our Teacher': Late Antique Exegesis of the Homeric Epics and of the Torah of Moses," in Use of Sacred Books 127-142.
  • Alter, Robert. Canon and Creativity: Modern Writing and the Authority of Scripture (New Haven: Yale, 2000).
  • Bainton, Roland H. "The Bible in the Reformation," CHB 3:1-37.
  • *Barton, John. Holy Writings, Sacred Text: the Canon in Early Christianity (Louisville: WJK, 1997)
  • Biderman, Shlomo. Scripture and Knowledge: An Essay on Religious Epistemology (Leiden: Brill, 1995)
  • *Borg, M.B. ter. “Canon and Social Control”,  in Canonization and Decanonization 411-423.
  • Campenhausen, Hans von. The Formation of the Christian Bible (tr. J. A. Baker, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972)
  • Childs, Brevard S. “The Problem of the Christian Bible” in Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments: Theological Reflection on the Christian Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992), pp. 55-69
  • Clines, David J.A. The Bible and the Modern World (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997)
  • Cornelius, Izak.  "The Many Faces of God: Divine Images and Symbols in Ancient Near Eastern Religions," in The Image and the Book 21-43.
  • *Coward, Harold. Sacred Word and Sacred Text: Scripture in World Religions (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1988)
  • Coward, Harold. Experiencing Scripture in World Religions (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2000).
  • Crehan, F.J. "The Bible in the Roman Catholic Church from Trent to the Present Day," CHB 3:199-237.
  • Dael, P.C.J. van. “Biblical Cycles on Church Walls: Pro Lectione Pictura,” in J. den Boeft & M. L. van Poll-van de Lisdonk (eds.),  The Impact of Scripture on Early Christianity 122-132.
  • Davies, Philip R. Scribes and Schools: The Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures (Louisville: Westminster, 1998).
  • Denny, Frederick M. "Recitation of the Quran," Islam and the Muslim Community (San Francisco : Harper & Row, 1987), pp. 78-88.
  • Denny, Frederick and Rodney Taylor, eds. The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1985).
  • Depew, Mary. Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society (Cambridge: Harvard, 2000).
  • Dijk, S.J.P. "The Bible in Liturgical Use," CHB 2:220-251.
  • Foster, Benjamin. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature (Bethesda: CDL, 1993).
  • *Frei, Hans. The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale, 1974).
  • Frei, Peter. "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary," trans. by J.W. Watts, in Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2001), pp. 5-40.
  • *Goering, Joseph W. “An Introduction to Medieval Christian Biblical Interpretation,” in With Reverence for the Word, 197-203.
  • Gold, Penny Shine. Making the Bible Modern: Children's Bibles and Jewish Education in Twentieth-Century America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004.
  • *Graham, William A. Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
  • Greenberg, Moshe. "On the Political Use of the Bible in Modern Israel: An Engaged Critique," in D. P. Wright et al (eds.), Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies ... in Honor of Jacob Milgrom (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1995), pp. 461-471.
  • Greenspahn, Frederick E. "Biblical Scholars, Medieval and Modern," in J. Neusner et al (eds.), Judaic Perspectives on Ancient Israel (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987), pp. 245-258.
  • Griffiths, Paul J. Religious Reading: the place of reading in the practice of religion (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1999)
  • Gutjahr, Paul. An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880 (New Haven: Yale, 1999)
  • * Halbertal, Moshe. People of the Book: Canon, Meaning, and Authority (Harvard, 1997)
  • Hallo, W.W.  The Context of Scripture. Vol. 1: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (Leiden: Brill, 1997)
  • Harrisville, Roy A. & Walter Sundberg. The Bible in Modern Culture: Baruch Spinoza to Brevard Childs (2nd ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001).
  • Hays, Richard, and Ellen Davis, eds. The Art of Reading Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003).
  • *Hettema, Th. L. “The Canon: Authority and Fascination” in Canonization and Decanonization 391-398.
  • *Hill, Doug. "Charles Augustus Briggs, Modernism, and the Rise of Biblical Scholarship in Nineteenth-Century America," in V.L. Wimbush (ed.), The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and the Construction of Meaning (Macon: Mercer University Pres, 1999), pp. 71-104.
  • * Horst, Pieter W. van der. "Sortes: Sacred Books as Instant Oracles in Late Antiquity" in Use of Sacred Books 143-173.
  • Jaffee, Martin S. Torah in the Mouth: Writing and Oral Tradition in Palestinian Judaism 200 BCE-400 CE (New York: Oxford, 2000).
  • Kling, David W. The Bible in History: How the Texts have Shaped the Times. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
  • *Kooij, A. van der. "The Canonization of Ancient Books Kept in the Temple of Jerusalem," in Canonization and Decanonization 17-40.
  • Kugel, James L. The Bible As It Was. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1997.
  • Kugel, James L. "The Bible in the University," in W. H. Propp et al (eds.), The Hebrew Bible and Its Interpreters (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 143-165.
  • Lamb, J.A. "The Place of the Bible in the Liturgy," CHB 1:563-586.
  • Lambert, W. G. "Ancestors, Authors, and Canonicity," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 11 (1951), pp. 1-14.
  • *Lang, B. "The 'Writings': A Hellenistic Literary Canon in the Hebrew Bible," in Canonization and Decanonization 41-65.
  • Legendre, P. “La totémisation de la société: Remarques sur les montages canoniques et la question du sujet,” in Canonization and Decanonization 425-433.
  • Leipoldt, Johannes and Siegfried Morens. Heilige Schriften: Betrachtungen zur Religionsgeschichte der antiken Mittelmeerwelt. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1953.
  • Levenson, Jon D. "Theological Consensus or Historicist Evasion? Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies," in R. Brooks & J. J. Collins (eds.), Hebrew Bible or Old Testament: Studying the Bible in Judaism and Christianity (U. of Notre Dame, 1990), pp. 109-145.
  • Levinson, Bernard. Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (Oxford, 1997)
  • Lieberman, Stephen J.  "Canonical and Official Cuneiform Texts: Towards an Understanding of Assurbanipal's Personal Tablet Collection," in Tsvi Abusch et al (eds.), Lingering over Words: Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William J. Moran (HSM 37; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990), pp. 305-336.
  • *Lust, J.L. “Quotation Formulae and Canon in Qumran”  in Canonization and Decanonization (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 67-77.
  • Malley, Brian. How the Bible Works: An Anthropological Study of Evangelical Biblicism (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2004).
  • Malley, Brian. “What is ‘the Bible’? Analysis of a Text Concept.” In Timothy Light and Brian Wilson (eds.), Religion as a Human Capacity. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • *McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. “An Introduction to Medieval Interpretation of the Qur’an,” in With Reverence for the Word, 311-19.
  • Miller, Patricia Cox. "In Praise of Nonsense." In A. H. Armstrong, ed. Classical Mediterranean Spirituality (New York: Crossroad, 1986), 481-505; repr. in Miller, The Poetry of Thought in Late Antiquity (Burlington: Ashgate, 2001), 221-245.
  • Miller, Patricia Cox. "Words with an Alien Voice: Gnostics, Scripture, and Canon." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 57 (1989) 459-483; repr. in Miller, The Poetry of Thought in Late Antiquity (Burlington: Ashgate, 2001), 247-270.
  • Morey, James. Book and Verse: A Guide to Middle English Biblical Literature (Urbana: U. of Illinois, 2000).
  • Neil, W. "Criticism and Theological Use of the Bible, 1700-1950," CHB 3:238-293.
  • Nöldecke, Theodor. Geschichte des Qorans, Leipzig, 1909-1938.
  • Neusner, Jacob & William Scott Green, Writing with Scripture: the Authority and Uses of the Hebrew Bible in the Torah of Formative Judaism, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989.
  • Oxtoby, Willard G. "`Telling in Their Own Tongues': Old and Modern Bible Translations as Expressions of Ethnic Cultural Identity," in W. Beuken & S. Freyne, The Bible As Cultural Heritage (London: SCM, 1995), pp. 24-35.
  • Pasulka, Diana Walsh. The Aesthetics of Nostalgia: The Return of the Real in Postmodern Christian Discourse. Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse University, 2003.
  • Phy, Allene Stuart. "The Bible and American Popular Culture: an Overview and Introduction," in The Bible and Popular Culture in America (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), pp. 1-23.
  • Pulcini, Theodore. Exegesis as Polemical Discourse: Ibn Hazm on Jewish and Christian Scriptures (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998.
  • Reventlow, Henning Graf. The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World (tr. J. Bowden, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984)
  • Roberts, C.H. "Books in the Greaco-Roman World and in the New Testament," CHB 1:48-66.
  • Rosenthal, Erwin I.J. "The Study of the Bible in Medieval Judaism," CHB 2:252-279.
  • Rothberg-Halton, Francesca "Canonicity in Cuneiform Texts," Journal of Cuneiform Studies 36 (1984) 127-144.
  • *Rutgers, Leonard V. "The Importance of Scripture in the Conflict between Jews and Christians: The Example of Antioch," in Use of Sacred Books 287-303.
  • *Sawyer, John F.A. Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts (London: Routledge, 1999)
  • Sheppard, Gerald T. “Canon”, in M. Eliade, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1987.  3:62-69.
  • Smalley, B. "The Bible in the Medieval Schools," CHB 2:197-219.
  • Smith, D. Moody "When did the Gospels become Scripture?" Journal of Biblical Literature 119 (2000) 3-20.
  • *Smith, Jonathan Z “Canons, catalogues and classics,” in Canonization and decanonization (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 295-311.
  • Smith, Jonathan Z. "Sacred Persistence: Toward a Redescription of Canon," in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 36-52.
  • Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. What is Scripture? (London, 1993).
  • *Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. "Scripture as Form and Concept: Their Emergence for the Western World," in Rethinking Scripture: Essays from a Comparative Perspective (ed. M. Levering; Albany: SUNY Press, 1989), pp. 29-57.
  • *Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. "The Study of Religion and the Study of the Bible," in Rethinking Scripture: Essays from a Comparative Perspective (ed. M. Levering; Albany: SUNY Press, 1989), pp. 18-28.
  • Snyder, H. Gregory. Teachers and Texts in the Ancient World: Philosophers, Jews and Christians (London: Routledge, 2000).
  • Spatharakis, I. “Early Christian Illustrated Gospel Books from the East,” The Impact of Scripture on Early Christianity (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 102-121.
  • *Sweetman, Robert. “Beryl Smalley, Thomas of Cantimpré, and the Performative Reading of Scripture.” In With Reverence for the Word, pp. 256-275.
  • *Toorn, Karel van der. “The Iconic Book: Analogies Between the Babylonian Cult of Images and the Veneration of the Torah,” in The Image and the Book 229-248
  • Trobisch, David. The First Edition of the New Testament (New York: Oxford, 2000)
  • Ulrich, E. "The Bible in the Making: the Scriptures at Qumran," in The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 17-33.
  • Ulrich, E. "The Canonical Process, Textual Criticism, and Latter Stages in the Composition of the Bible," "Sha`Arei Talmon": Studies in the Bible, Qumran and the Ancient Near East Presented to Shemaryahu Talmon (eds M. Fishbane and E. Tov; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1992), pp. 267-91.
  • Vermes, G. "Bible and Midrash: Early Old Testament Exegesis," CHB 1:199-231.
  • Walfish, Barry D. “An Introduction to Medieval Jewish Biblical Interpretation,” in With Reverence for the Word, 3-12.
  • Watts, James W.  Reading Law: The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999).
  • Watts, James W. “Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts,” Journal of Religion & Society 6 (2004), online.
  • Watts, James W. "Ritual Legitimacy and Scriptural Authority," JBL, forthcoming.
  • Wheeler, Brannon. Applying the Canon in Islam: the Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Hanafi Scholarship (New York: SUNY Press, 1996)
  • Wimbush, Vincent L. "Scriptures: Fathoming a Complex Social-Cultural Phenomenon." Unpublished conference paper.
  • *Wimbush, Vincent L. (ed.), The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and the Construction of Meaning (Macon: Mercer University Pres, 1999)
  • Wiseman, D.J. "Books in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament," CHB 1:30-48
  • Zevit, Ziony. “The Second-Third Century Canonization of the Hebrew Bible and Its Influence on Christian Canonizing” in Canonization and Decanonization (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 133-160.

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